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Filtered by Cash in Circulation — 27 articles

John Winchcombe

2 July 2026

2 min read

Cash data sources

Issue data tells us how many new notes and coins the issuing authority is putting into circulation. Issue data is an indicator for suppliers about how much cash central banks are using. It also gives us an indication of economic activity, which is often looked at alongside indicators of general economic activity. Issue data is not usually published by issuing authorities.

Cash in Circulation

John Winchcombe

2 July 2026

4 min read

Cash In Circulation: Useful or a Blind Alley?

Economists, including those at central banks, and academics track, analyse and use cash in circulation (CIC) data extensively. What does it tell them and is it really useful for ‘cash stakeholders’ (anybody working to provide, manage and circulate cash)?

Cash in Circulation

Matt Sykes PhD and Scott Forster

2 July 2026

6 min read

More Cash, Less Speed: Reading the Signals on Cash Health in Asia

Currency in circulation (CIC) is often the first data point that is referred to when considering where cash is going and the health of cash systems. And on this measure, there are positive signs across many Asian markets. In an initial sample of eight economies, CIC grew between 45% and 349% over the period 2016 to 2024. In these markets, all have seen CIC grow in every year except Malaysia (0.2% decline in 2022, otherwise growth) and Australia (1.6% decline in 2023, current CIC is at an all-time high).

Cash in Circulation Cash Usage

John Winchcombe

28 May 2026

6 min read

The Realities of Managing Cash at Volume

An excellent session at the Global Currency Forum saw Joash Rono (Central Bank of Kenya), Alberto Torfer (Bank of Mexico), Anwar Bashori (Bank Indonesia – BI), Firat Emre Karakas (Central Bank of Türkiye – CBRT) and Faisal I Algosar (Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority) give the perspective of some high volume economies, a very different set of priorities from other presentations.

Cash in Circulation Central Banks

12 May 2026

1 min read

Cash Surveys in Three Economies Point to Stabilising Usage

The CPT Group has published a comparative analysis of recent consumer payments surveys from Switzerland, Australia, and Jamaica, drawing some striking parallels despite the three countries' very different payment landscapes.

Cash in Circulation Payments

John Winchcombe

24 Aug. 2025

6 min read

Have UK Payments Reached ‘Peak Digital’?

David Fagleman from Enryo, a financial services consultancy1, published an article in Finextra about a surprising shift in the UK payment landscape, a digital slowdown2. A number of countries have reported a stabilisation in cash usage, the most recent being Canada in its 2024 Methods of Payment Survey3, suggesting that there is a ‘bottom’ for cash usage.

Cash in Circulation Future of Cash

John Winchcombe

26 March 2025

2 min read

Cash Circulation in Armenia: Ways to Improve the System

The volume of cash in circulation in Armenia is continuing to increase despite the developments and rapid growth of non-cash payment methods. In connection with the above, the effective organisation of cash circulation is becoming a primary issue.

Cash in Circulation Cash Management

John Winchcombe

28 Jan. 2025

5 min read

Cash Management Companies – Part of the Solution?

60 people met in Jakarta at the end of September last year for a summit by the Asian Cash Management Association (ACMA). They came from a range of stakeholders across cash cycles in the region, including central banks, Cash Management Companies (CMCs) and commercial banks.

Cash in Circulation

John Winchcombe

30 June 2024

4 min read

Fed Dives into Data on Demand for US Banknotes Post-COVID

In March, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System published an International Finance Discussion Paper on the demand for US banknotes at home and abroad , an important question given that the US dollar is used as a medium of exchange and store of value outside its own borders far more than any other currency.

Cash in Circulation

Guillaume Lepecq

21 May 2024

5 min read

Conflicts and Geopolitics Reshape the World’s Currencies

Regional conflicts, rampant inflation, national debt crises, and the resurgence of monetary sovereignty are all contributing to the reshaping of the world’s currencies.

Cash in Circulation

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John Winchcombe

29 June 2023

4 min read

How to Do Demonetisation Well

In 2019 the Central Bank of Kenya demonetised the KES 1,000 banknote. It has issued a comprehensive report on its experience that offers interesting lessons for any central bank planning such an exercise.

Cash in Circulation

John Winchcombe

25 June 2023

7 min read

ABCD to STSMs – A New Banknote Forecasting Model

With the publication of the IMF paper ‘Measurement and Use of Cash by Half the World’s Population’, and the Cash Essentials rebuttal, a new paper about demand forecasting by the Banca d’Italia is timely and adds to the discussion.

Cash in Circulation Cash Usage Free Free

John Winchcombe

11 May 2023

5 min read

Cash Recovering and Holding On, Says BIS

The Bank for International Settlements Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure consists of 14 Advanced Economy and 13 Emerging Market Economy countries. It collects extensive data on their cash and electronic payments and uses these to draw conclusions about payment trends.

Cash in Circulation Cash Usage Studies, Reports

John Winchcombe

26 March 2023

4 min read

Safeguarding Cash: ICA Recommendations to Central Banks

The International Currency Association (ICA), representing the global currency sector, has published a Cash Policy White Paper, available on its website www.currencyassociation.org, which is summarised here. It wants policy makers to recognise that the benefits of cash to society may be lost without practical steps to protect the supply and acceptance of cash in society and promote its further development.

Cash in Circulation Cash Usage Future of Cash

John Winchcombe

31 Jan. 2023

3 min read

Cash Works… But It Could Work Even Better!

Cash Works… But It Could Work Even Better! This is the title of the Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions white paper on cash innovation & sustainability.

Cash in Circulation Cash Usage

John Winchcombe

31 Jan. 2023

4 min read

Universal Access to Payments Required

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has created an open access database of data relating to retail payment for 95 countries from September 2019 to June 2022.

Cash in Circulation Surveys

John Winchcombe

6 Dec. 2022

3 min read

Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions on Cash Innovation & Sustainability

A newly issued Cash Innovation whitepaper by Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions takes a deeper look at why change and innovation are actually required in the way cash is organised and managed in society, while defining the problems that need to be fixed and how to fix them.

Cash in Circulation Staff Papers

John Winchcombe

7 June 2022

8 min read

A Different Approach to CIC Forecasting

Forecasting cash in circulation (CIC) is a key activity of central banks as it is an important variable in monetary policymaking, affecting overall liquidity in the economy and guiding their currency issuance operations.

Cash in Circulation Staff Papers

John Winchcombe

21 Dec. 2021

3 min read

The Need for a New Cash Calculation

David Fagleman, of the consultancy Enryo, has recently presented and written about cash in circulation (CIC). He makes the case that CIC data provided by central banks is unhelpful because it overstates the case for cash usage and creates confusion about what is actually happening.

Cash in Circulation

John Winchcombe

26 Sept. 2021

2 min read

Where Cash and Digital Technology Meet

CashEssentials – the cash and payments think tank – has launched the CashTech Forum to promote innovation and technology, thereby ensuring a sustainable and future-proof cash ecosystem.

Cash in Circulation Cash Management

Latest News

Cash data sources

Cash In Circulation: Useful or a Blind Alley?

More Cash, Less Speed: Reading the Signals on Cash Health in Asia

The Realities of Managing Cash at Volume

Cash Surveys in Three Economies Point to Stabilising Usage

Have UK Payments Reached ‘Peak Digital’?

Cash Circulation in Armenia: Ways to Improve the System

Cash Management Companies – Part of the Solution?

Fed Dives into Data on Demand for US Banknotes Post-COVID

Conflicts and Geopolitics Reshape the World’s Currencies

How to Do Demonetisation Well

ABCD to STSMs – A New Banknote Forecasting Model

Cash Recovering and Holding On, Says BIS

Safeguarding Cash: ICA Recommendations to Central Banks

Cash Works… But It Could Work Even Better!

Universal Access to Payments Required

Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions on Cash Innovation & Sustainability

A Different Approach to CIC Forecasting

The Need for a New Cash Calculation

Where Cash and Digital Technology Meet

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